This is a working overview of CJC-1295, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2025-11-19 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. Its sequence corresponds to the first twenty-nine residues of human GHRH, with four substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Early descriptions placed the compound in research on growth hormone deficiency and related conditions, and later literature groups it with the long-acting GHRH analogs. The name appears in both laboratory and popular fitness writing, where it sometimes labels chemically different peptides.
Two related peptides circulate under the CJC-1295 label, and they differ mainly in how long they persist in circulation. The version carrying a drug affinity complex includes a maleimidopropionic acid linker that forms a covalent bond with serum albumin. The other version, usually written as modified GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29), lacks that linker and is cleared quickly. Mixing the two produces inconsistent readings of published half-life values, because the linker rather than the receptor-facing sequence drives most of the difference.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C152H252N44O42 | Cited for the form without the drug affinity complex |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da | Reported value for modified GRF(1-29) |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid as usually supplied |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and polar solvents | Clarity depends on purity and salt content |
| Typical storage | -20 C or below, dry | Protect from light and repeated warming cycles |
The peptide binds GHRH receptors on somatotroph cells within the anterior pituitary, triggering a signalling cascade that increases growth hormone secretion. Its improved resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation distinguishes it from the parent hormone. In the DAC-bearing version, a maleimide group reacts with a cysteine residue on serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in circulation far longer. That albumin attachment is the central design feature separating the two research variants.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour differs sharply between the two forms. The DAC-bearing peptide shows an extended circulation time measured in days, whereas the version without the complex is cleared within roughly half an hour. This gap shapes how researchers design dosing schedules in animal models. Whether the prolonged presence of the DAC form produces effects meaningfully different from the short-acting variant remains an open question, since comparative human data are scarce.
The two variants differ dramatically in how long they persist in circulation. The form lacking the albumin-binding group has a plasma half-life measured in tens of minutes, comparable to the natural hormone fragment. The version carrying the drug affinity complex binds albumin and shows a half-life of roughly six to eight days in human studies. That figure comes from small trials that tracked hormone levels over extended periods. The physiological consequences of sustained versus pulsatile stimulation are still debated and the literature does not settle the point.
Lyophilized peptide powder is comparatively stable when kept dry, cold, and protected from light. Once dissolved, the molecule is vulnerable to deamidation, oxidation, and aggregation, with the rate depending on pH, buffer composition, and temperature. Alkaline conditions and repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate loss of the intact peptide. The methionine present in the native sequence is a known oxidation site, which is one reason it was replaced in the modified fragment. Suppliers typically recommend cold storage of solutions and use within a short window.
Analytical confirmation usually relies on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for purity and on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for identity. Mass data reveal the expected molecular mass and can flag truncated or oxidized species. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide sequence-level verification. Immunoassays are used in some biological matrices, but antibodies raised against one releasing-hormone analog may cross-react with another. Reported purity figures depend heavily on the method used, so comparisons between suppliers require matching the analytical approach.
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=== Protocell synthetic biology === The in vitro generation of synthetic cells is the protocell branch of synthetic biology. Lipid vesicles, which have all the necessary components to function as a complete system, can be used to create these artificial cells. In the end, these synthetic cells should meet the requirements for being deemed alive, namely the capacity for self-replication, self-maintenance, and evolution. The protocell technique has this as its end aim, however there are other intermediary steps that fall short of meeting all the criteria for a living cell. In order to carry out a specific function, these lipid vesicles contain cell extracts or more specific sets of biological macromolecules and complex structures, such as enzymes, nucleic acids, or ribosomes. For instance, liposomes may carry out particular polymerase chain reactions or synthesise a particular protein. Innovations in synthetic biology have led to the development of organelle-like scaffolds using phase-separated biomolecular condensates to compartmentalize cellular processes in Escherichia coli, such as RNA-based TEARS. These membraneless organelles can be engineered to scaffold metabolic pathways, or enabling protein purification with no traditional external chromatography materials by a workflow termed PandaPure.
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Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Tissue scaffolding === The temperature-based phase behavior of ELPs can be utilized to produce stiff networks that may be compatible with cellular regeneration applications. At high concentrations (weight percent exceeding 15%), the ELP transition from a linear state to a spherical aggregate state above the transition temperature is arrested, leading to the formation of brittle gels. These otherwise brittle networks can then be modified chemically, via oxidative coupling, to yield hydrogels which can sustain high levels of mechanical stress and strain. Also, the modified gel networks contain pores, through which important cell-sustaining compounds can easily be delivered. Such strong hydrogels, when bathed in minimal cell media, have been found to promote the growth of human mesencyhmal stem cell populations. The ability of these arrested ELP networks to promote cell growth may prove indispensable in the production of tissue scaffolds that promote cartilage production, for example. Such an intervention may prove useful in the treatment of bone disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
Macroscopic methods use equations that directly model the large-scale behavior of liquids, such as their thermodynamic properties and flow behavior. Microscopic methods use equations that model the dynamics of individual molecules. Mesoscopic methods fall in between, combining elements of both continuum and particle-based models.
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=== Nanolithography === Nanolithography is the technique to pattern materials and build devices under nano-scale. Nanolithography is often used together with thin-film-deposition, self-assembly, and self-organization techniques for various nanofabrications purpose. Many practical applications make use of nanolithography, including semiconductor chips in computers. There are many types of nanolithography, which include:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.
No regulatory agency has approved CJC-1295 for clinical use. Human trials were conducted in the 2000s, but the development programme was discontinued before any marketing application succeeded. Material sold today is offered as a research chemical, and its purity depends on the supplier.
Sermorelin is an unmodified fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone and is cleared quickly. CJC-1295 contains substitutions that resist breakdown, and the form with a drug affinity complex persists much longer. Both act at the same receptor but differ substantially in duration of action.
Natural GHRH is degraded quickly by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and related enzymes, giving it a half-life measured in minutes. CJC-1295 carries substitutions that slow that breakdown, so it stays intact longer. Both act at the same pituitary receptor and produce the same class of signal.